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The Mongolic peoples are a collection of East Asian-originated in East Asia, North Asia and Eastern Europe, who speak Mongolic languages. Their ancestors are referred to as Proto-Mongols. The largest contemporary Mongolic ethnic group is the Mongols. Mongolic-speaking people, although distributed in a wide geographical area, show a high genetic affinity to each other, and display continuity with ancient Northeast Asians.
| Mongolia, Inner Mongolia (China), other Mongolian autonomous divisions of China | Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism (Mongolian shamanism) | ||
| Sunni Islam | |||
| Tibetan Buddhism, Orthodox Christianity, Tengrism (Mongolian shamanism) | |||
| Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism | |||
| Torghut | 202, 000 | Xinjiang (China), Kalmykia (Russia), Khovd Province (Mongolia) | Tibetan Buddhism, Mongolian shamanism |
| Tibetan Buddhism | |||
| Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism (shamanism) | |||
| Tibetan Buddhism | |||
| Tibetan Buddhism, Bon | |||
| Tibetan Buddhism | |||
| Sunni Islam, Tibetan Buddhism | |||
| Tibetan Buddhism, shamanism | |||
| Sart Kalmyks | 12,000 | Issyk Kul Province, Kyrgyzstan | Sunni Islam |
| Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism | |||
| Sunni Islam | |||
| Moghol people | 2,000 | Herat Province, Afghanistan | Sunni Islam |
TomaoYan Deliang. "A Re-examination of the Tomao People"
Accessed July 15, 2025. | 500 | Qinghai, Xinjiang | Sunni Islam |
| Sunni Islam | |||
| Gurans | ? | Zabaykalsky Krai, Buryatia | Orthodox Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism |
In addition, Mongolized live in Buryatia. Their population is 3600 people. Soyots are one of the indigenous minority peoples of Russia. They are descendants of Turkified Samoyeds. At the same time, a number of orientalists (Zhukovskaia, Nanzatov, Baldaev and others) consider modern Soyots as a sub-ethnos within the Buryat people: "... here the ethnic composition of the population was formed, which remains relatively stable to this day - Bulagats, Khongodors, Soyots, who (some earlier, others later) became subethnic groups of the Buryats."Natalia Zhukovskaia (2005). "Бурятские шаманки на международной конференции (тункинский опыт, июль 2004 г.) // Женщина и возрождение шаманизма.". Москва: Российская академия наук. Институт этнологии и антропологии имени Н. Н. Миклухо-Маклая. Page 129. In Russian: "... здесь сформировался тот этнический состав населения, который относительно стабильно сохраняется до сегодняшнего дня - булагаты, хонгодоры, сойоты, которые (одни раньше, другие позже) вошли как субэтносы в состав бурят."
The Mughal people, descendants of the Barlas (as noted by Sabitov, the Mughals associate their origins with the Barlas tribe) and other Mongol tribes (Rudenko mentions such tribes as the Kauchin, Arlat, Jalair, and Barlas), currently speak Indo-Aryan languages of their respective regions, including Urdu and Punjabi language.
Mongolian shamanism, more broadly called the Mongolian folk religion, or occasionally Tengerism, as refers to the animism and shamanism indigenous religion that has been practiced in Mongolia and its surrounding areas (including Buryatia and Inner Mongolia), as well as among Daur people and other peoples, at least since the age of recorded history. In the earliest known stages, it was intricately tied to all other aspects of social life and to the tribal organization of Mongolian society. Along the way, it has become influenced by and mingled with Buddhism. Tengrism was transformed into a monotheism religion only at the imperial level within aristocratic circles.
A study based on mtDNA noted that ancient populations in Mongolia had a mixed West and East Eurasian origin, while modern Mongolians are characterized by substantially less West Eurasian maternal ancestry. It is suggested that many West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups in modern Mongolians are believed to have arrived around 2,500-5,000 years ago, or the Mongolian Bronze Age. A smaller number arrived in the early Iron Age. Research by Rogers, et al. provides evidence that some West Eurasian maternal lineages had made it to Mongolia east of the Altai mountains prior to the Bronze Age. The K hg may represent an ancient addition from early western foragers that had intermixed with early agriculturalists (Spengler, 2015), similar with the probable origins of the C hg found in the ancient Ukraine (Nikitin et al., 2012). The J1c8a haplotype might be from a regional polymorphism that is linked to migrating populations after the expansion of agriculturalism from the Middle East, perhaps associated with the development of caprine pastoralism that reached southeast Kazakhstan by at least 2800 BCE (Hermes et al 2020)." During the medieval period, a continuous increase in East Asian mitochondrial lineages was detected, which these authors attribute to Genghis Khan's Pax Mongolica.
A study based on ancient DNA and Y-DNA found that ancient populations in the region of modern-day Mongolia had a mixed West and East Eurasian origin during the Xiongnu period. Male-mediated Western Steppe Herders ancestry increased by the establishment of Türkic and Uyghur rule in Mongolia, which was accompanied by an increase in the West Eurasian haplogroups R and J. There was a male-mediated rise in East Asian ancestry in the late medieval Mongolian period, paralleling the increase of haplogroup C2b.: See Figure S2. "We also observed that this East Asian-related ancestry was brought into the Late Medieval populations more by male than female ancestors. ... Overall, Mongol period individuals characterized by a remarkable decrease in Western Eurasian ancestry compared to the preceding 1,600 years. They are best modeled as a mixture of ANA-like and East Asian-like ancestry sources, with only minor Western genetic ancestry. In addition, nearly a third of historic Mongol males (12/38) have Y haplogroup C2b, which is also widespread among modern Mongolians (Figure S3; Table S6); C2b is the presumed patrilineage of Genghis Khan (Zerjal et al., 2003)."
One autosomal study on Oirats Kalmyks living in Kalmykia, Eastern Europe, found them to be derived from a Western Mongolian source population. Despite their long-distance migration, Kalmyks still display a predominant East Asian genetic profile. Kalmyks derive around 80% East Asian ancestry and 20% Western Eurasian ancestry.
Two autosomal genetic studies on Inner Mongolia found that they are best modeled as a mixture of Ancient Northeast Asian-like (ANA) and 10% to 25% East Asian Yellow River Farmer ancestry sources (increasing among Khorchins to around 62%), with only minor Western Eurasian genetic contributions (5.6–11.6%). Mongolic peoples display genetic continuity to the Devil’s Gate Cave specimen (7,000 BCE) and the Amur13K specimen (13,000 BCE). The Neolithic Northeast Asian ancestry, is shared with other "putative Altaic languages peoples" specifically Turkic peoples, and Tungusic peoples, together with shared "IBD fragments" in haplotype variation, supporting a Northeast Asian origin of these three groups. Turkic and Western Mongolic populations display the relatively highest amounts of West Eurasian admixture, inline with historical contacts between Ancient Northeast Asians and West Eurasian populations of the Eurasian Steppes, and evidence from linguistic borrowings. In comparison, Eastern, Central and Southern Mongolic peoples as well as Tungusic peoples had considerable less West Eurasian ancestry but higher Yellow River farmers ancestry. Sinitic peoples largely lacked any West Eurasian-derived ancestry and displayed primarily affinity with historical Yellow River farmers.
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